Expert Answer 94% (63 ratings) WebLatent Heat of Fusion: 440 kJ/kg (estimated) Latent Heat of Transformation: 91.8 kJ/kg (estimated) Latent Heat of Vaporization: 9.83 MJ/kg (estimated) Thermal Conductivity: 11.4 W/k K at -240 oC Electrical Properties: Electrical Resistivity: 420 n m at 20 oC Superconductivity (Critical Temperature): 0.37 to 0.56 K Magnetic Properties: Figure 8 Effect of aging temperature on the structure of TC21 alloy, Effect of Aging Time on the Structure of TC21 Alloy. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. Which material has the lowest specific heat capacity? Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesnt take much energy to raise their temperature. Thats why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Zirconium. F. M. Jaeger, E. Rosenbohm, and R. Fonteyne, Ref. Trav. NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, This is also different from steel materials. Figure 10(f) shows the microstructure of Ti600 alloy of BM structure after thermal exposure (TE) at 600 for 100h. Chem. Our measurements support this finding, but we have found an emissivity of only 0.378 at temperatures of 1325 and 1345K. Energy is released from a liquid when it freezes because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and have higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces). Under WQ and OQ conditions, due to the faster cooling rate, only metastable is formed but no T is formed. Present in meteorites and in the sun, titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Specific heat of Titanium is 0.52 J/g K. Latent Heat of Fusion of Titanium is 15.45 kJ/mol. The cooling method is generally water-cooled or oil-cooled, and the quenching process should be rapid to prevent the decomposition of the phase during the transfer process and reduce the aging strengthening effect. In recent years, the IoT is rapidly being introduced into almost all sectors, but it has particular importance in the EV industry. Phys. WebProperties: Titanium Diboride ( TiB2 ) - Properties and Applications Titanium Diboride ( TiB2 ) - Properties and Applications This data is provided subject to AZoM.com's terms and conditions. The quenching thermal stress is large, and the parts are easy to warp during quenching. Moreover, the method of heat treatment for pure a-type titanium alloys is basically ineffective, i.e., the heat treatment of titanium alloys is mainly used for +-type titanium alloys. This energy breaks down the attractive intermolecular forces and must provide the energy necessary to expand the system (the pV work). WebTitanium Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization Specific heat of Titanium is 0.52 J/g K. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is This means energy must be supplied to a solid to melt it. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST You must keep in mind that the specific heat capacity of a substance is affected by the temperature and Sci. Michels and Wilford have found that the total emissivity of titanium is nearly constant between room temperature and 1060K. Bimodal issuerefers to the -phase in the organization has two forms, one is the primary -phase equiaxed; the other is the lamellar -phase in the -transformed organization, which corresponds to the primary . WebTitanium tetrachloride Formula: Cl 4 Ti Molecular weight: 189.679 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/4ClH.Ti/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: XJDNKRIXUMDJCW The annealing temperature range of titanium alloy in various ways is shown in Figure 1. We offer an extensive range of e-commerce website design and e-commerce web development solutions in the form of e-commerce payment gateway integration, shopping cart software, custom application development, Internet marketing, e-Payment to companies across the globe. .style11 { Mechanical Tolerances Specs If we have the same volume for each of these materials, the same initial temperature and the same amount of heat is supplied to each of them, show the correct order of their temperature Quenching aging is the main way to strengthen titanium alloy heat treatment, using phase change to produce strengthening effect, which is also known as heat treatment strengthening. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from 1 Btu/(lb-F) = 4.1868 J/(g-C) The specific heat of titanium calculated from her data is J/gC. Heat Treatment Distortion of Gear Ring: How to Control It? What Role Will The IoT Play In The Electric Vehicle Industry. Thermal conductivity equivalent to approximately 8% of aluminum, Heat capacity equivalent to approximately 60% of stainless steel, Thermal expansion rates equivalent to approximately 50% of stainless steel, Electric resistance 30 times as high as copper, excellent in resistance, Super induction motors, magnetic float trains, Artificial joints, tooth roots, and cardiac valves, Excellent control effects against metal allergies, Half life shorter than iron, nickel, and chrome, Radioactive wastes disposing and storing vessels, Authorized as incombustible material (Authorized No. Engineering Forum , Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart. WebTitanium metal is used as a structural material in many high-tech applications, such as in jet engines. Titanium finish. It can be seen from Figure 7 that the cooling method has a significant effect on the microstructure of TC21 alloy after solution treatment. Mechanical properties of larger sections shall be negotiated between the manufacturer and purchaser. The global semiconductor market has entered an exciting period. Heat Transfer .style2 {font-size: 12px} The phase transformation of titanium alloy is the basis of titanium alloy heat treatment. C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 E/t + F H The liquid phase has higher internal energy than the solid phase. Hunter and M. Jones, Renssalaer Polytech. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. In powder form, it is dark gray. of the precipitated phase during the decomposition of the metastable phase, which is related to alloy composition, heat treatment process specifications and original structure. The heat treatment process of the titanium alloy is shown in Figure 4. A common deformation heat treatment process is shown in Figure 2. The relatively high melting point (1,668 C or 3,034 F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. WebIn the laboratory a student finds that it takes 96.0 Joules to increase the temperature of 12.0 grams of solid titanium from 22.7 to 39.2 degrees Celsius. We provide complete 24*7 Maintenance and Support Services that help customers to maximize their technology investments for optimal business value and to meet there challenges proficiently. Figure 7 The effect of the cooling method on the microstructure of TC21 alloy, (a)910/1h, WQ; (b)910/1h, OQ; (c)910/1h, AC, Effect of Aging Temperature on the Structure of TC21 Alloy. The time required depends on the cross-sectional size of the workpiece, processing history and the degree of stress relief required. If the temperature exceeds the phase transition temperature, Widmanstatten structure will be formed and the properties of the alloy will deteriorate. My extensive experience has allowed me to become an expert in the fields of sheet metal fabrication, machining, mechanical engineering, and machine tools for metals. Technology, Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Double annealing is to heat and air cools the alloy twice. When the alloy has this structure, its fracture toughness, durability and creep strength are good, but its plasticity, fatigue strength, notch sensitivity, thermal stability and thermal stress corrosion resistance are very poor. The forms of annealing include stress relief annealing, recrystallization annealing, double annealing, isothermal annealing and vacuum annealing, etc. III. This process occurs mainly recrystallization, it is also known as recrystallization annealing. Web High-Temperature Proof: There are two types of Exhaust Heat Wrap, one is Titanium Exhaust Heat Wrap, and another is Black Exhaust Heat Wrap, these two types can be worked under extremely high temperatures. White-plated titanium finish is used for the white exterior and heat rod that occupy most of the main body. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. Looking for specific info? J. WebTitanium metal is used as a structural material in many high-tech applications such as in jet engines. Deformation is about 50% below the recrystallization temperature, followed by conventional aging treatment. All rights reservedDisclaimer | Poor thermal conductivity can lead to the poor hardenability of titanium alloys, especially + titanium alloys. This energy breaks down the attractive intermolecular forces and must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pV work). We can create a custom cross-platform; web-based one build for every device solution. Downloads Lithium: Value given for solid phase. Metalloids - also known as semimetals - are elements containing properties similar and midway between metals and nonmetals. document.getElementById("ak_js_2").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Our experts are here to help with a quick response within 24 hours. The lamella thickness of LM tissue is 2 to 3 m; the volume fraction of p phase in BM tissue is about 20%, and its average diameter is about 15 m. Figure 9 shows the microstructure photos of TC12 alloy aged at 550C for different times. The enthalpy offusionis a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm (101.325 kPa) unless otherwise specified. Their SI units are J/kg.KorJ/mol K. Different substances are affected todifferent magnitudes by theaddition of heat. J. Phys. CEO Boiling Point: 3260 oC (estimated) Vapor Pressure (From 1587 to 1698 K): log P = 7.7960 - (24,644/T) - 0.000227 T. (where P is in The annealing temperature is lower than the recrystallization temperature, and the temperature is kept for a long time to fully decompose the metastable phase obtained by high-temperature annealing. Management Consulting Company. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have View plot Titanium alloy heat treatment to strengthen the effect is determined by the nature of the alloy element, concentration and heat treatment specifications. When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The DriverHarris Company also kindly supplied the following general analysis of the wire: Carbon, 0.20% maximum; Oxygen, few tenths percent maximum; Nitrogen, few tenths percent maximum; Iron, few tenths percent maximum. Figure 10 The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of a typical titanium alloy. 1 Btu/(lb-F) = 4186.8 J/(kg-K) Because this issue has a better overall performance, it is currently the most widely used. Hello I am a Metallurgical Engineering student at Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa. This difference is due to the slow cooling rate of AC, and the p phase in the alloy can fully grow during the cooling process (causing the p phase content in the alloy to increase and aggregate growth under AC conditions). WebTitanium Alloy Property Data. It can be seen from Figure 10(d) and (e) that the solid solution temperature of Ti600 alloy is selected above and below Tb (1010C) to obtain LM and BM structures, respectively. (Common Faults and Solutions), 4 high or low temperature deformation; t-: phase transition point; t: re-recrystallization temperature. View plot The primary distinction between graphene-based batteries and solid-state batteries lies in the composition of either electrode. In general, the organization of titanium alloys has two basic phases: -phase and -phase. Economics Engineering WebThe specific heat of metals and metalloids (semimetals) are given in the table below. Formation of the phase will make titanium alloy brittle, the correct choice of the aging process (such as the use of a higher aging temperature) can make the phase decomposition. Series. When a given amount of heat is added to different substances, their temperatures increase by different amounts. We will provide you the secure enterprise solutions with integrated backend systems. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. See also tabulated values for Gases, Food and foodstuff,Common liquids and fluids, Common solids and other Common substances as well as values of molar specific heat for common organic substances and inorganic substances. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Data reproduced with permission of Granta Design Limited and heat treatment technology, which allows both deformation strengthening and heat treatment strengthening to obtain organization and comprehensive performance that cannot be obtained with a single strengthening method. They vary with the size of the bundle and the thickness of the grain boundary . Its characteristic is that a certain amount of transformed structure is distributed on the primary -phase matrix with a uniformly distributed content of more than 50%, as shown in Figure 3(d). 20CrMo Steel Hydraulic Cylinder: Insufficient Carburizing and Quenching Hardness Analysis, Lubricating Oil: The Basics You Should Know, What Is Solenoid Valve? WebProperties: Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al4V Grade 5 Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al4V Grade 5 This data is provided subject to AZoM.com's terms and conditions. Put two thermometer A and B in a beaker containing water and note their reading. Put thermometer B in copper tube of hypsometer containing the power of given solid. Weigh the calorimeter with stirrer and lid over it by the physical balance. Fill about half of calorimeter with water at about temperature 5 to 8C below room temperature. More items 278 J/ (kg K) [note] Notes on the Specific Heat of particular elements: Hydrogen: Value given for gas phase of H . According to the deformation temperature, it can be divided into: Figure 2 Schematic representation of the deformation heat treatment process in titanium alloy. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise one gram of substances by 1 degree celsius . Microstructure characteristics of titanium alloy. 8 is a microstructure photograph of TC21 alloy aged at 500C and 600C. WebFor typical titanium alloy (TA15, TB6,, etc. (1) The martensitic phase transformation does not cause significant changes in the properties of titanium alloys. Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a phase change. Acad. G. Skinner, H. L. Johnston, and C. Beckett, This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. In the case of solid to liquid phase change, the change in enthalpy required to change its state is known as the enthalpy of fusion (symbol Hfus; unit: J), also known as the (latent)heat of fusion. Ortons rotating spindle viscometer has been developed to measure the viscosities of molten glass at different temperatures. These structures are different in morphology, grain size and intragranular structure, which mainly depend on alloy composition, deformation process and heat treatment process. WebTitanium heat lamp for autumn / low setting switch for sprinkling up to 50 chickens at a time - equipped with a 250 W infrared bulb. 2 (64.5cm2). Its purpose is to make the titanium alloy semi-finished product to eliminate the basic stresses, and has high strength and plasticity in accordance with the technical conditions required. From Figure 6 and Figure 5(a) and (b), it can be seen that with the increase of the solution time, the volume fraction and distribution of the ap phase in the TC21 alloy did not change significantly. Applications and Design NIST Standard Reference Electric Motor Alternators F. M. Jaeger, E. Rosenbohm, and R. Fonteyne, Rec. 6. The Prometheus from Admesy is a colorimeter that is perfect for all types of spot measurements on displays. H H 298.15 = A*t + B*t 2 /2 + C*t 3 /3 + D*t 4 /4 E/t + F H. S = A*ln (t) + B*t + C*t 2 /2 + D*t 3 /3 E/ (2*t 2) + G. C p = heat capacity Electrified Interfaces and the Role they Play in Analytical Chemistry, The Current State of the Global Semiconductor Market. All rights reserved. Its characteristic is that unconnected primary is distributed on the matrix of p-transformation tissue, but the total content does not exceed 50%, as shown in Figure 3(c). Titanium alloys are more resistant to corrosion in oxidizing media, but less resistant to corrosion in reducing media (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.). Ref. Outstanding design services at affordable price without compromising on quality, Helps You to establish a market presence, or to enhance an existing market position, by providing a cheaper and more efficient ecommerce website, Our quality-driven web development approach arrange for all the practices at the time of design & development, Leverage the power of open source software's with our expertise. What is the specific heat of titanium in J/(g. C) if it takes 89.7 J to raise the The structure is not stable enough after air cooling, and second low-temperature annealing is required. Chase, M.W., Jr., D. C. Wallace, P. H. Siddles, and G. C. Danielson, J. Appl. Because these factors affect the type, composition, quantity and distribution of the metastable phase obtained by alloy quenching, as well as nature, structure, and dispersivity etc. Manufacturing Processes Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Figure 3 shows the typical morphological characteristics of the various types of titanium alloys. Materials and Specifications The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or ), measured in W/m.K. NIST subscription sites provide data under the Figure 6 shows the microstructure of TCIZ alloy after solution treatment and air cooling for 4 hours. After annealing, the alloy organization is more uniform and close to the equilibrium state. Section Properties Apps B)What is the molar heat capacity of titanium in J/ (mol*degrees C) ? S = standard entropy (J/mol*K) This kind of microstructure is the structure formed when the alloy is not deformed or deformed after heating in the beta phase region, and it is slowly cooled down from the beta phase region. Compared with other issues, this issue has better plasticity, fatigue strength, notch sensitivity, and thermal stability, but its fracture toughness, durability, and creep strength are worse. BANDAI SPIRITS. Finishing and Plating Helium: Value given for gas phase. Lastly, the thermal diffusivity and specific heats of 9013 glass, 7052 glass, SB-14 glass, and C-4000 Muscovite mica are presented as a function of temperature up to 300 C. Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart. H = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol) The mechanical properties of titanium alloys largely depend on the proportion, morphology, size and distribution of these two phases. Standard Reference Data Act. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Ted Shields from Evident about the new Vanta GX XRF analyzer. You save application data to your local computer 600 for 100h titanium in J/ ( mol * degrees C?... As semimetals - are elements containing properties similar and specific heat of titanium between metals and metalloids ( semimetals ) are in! Thermometer a and B in a cup of hot coffee Solutions ), high. From Admesy is a colorimeter that is perfect for all types of spot measurements displays! Widmanstatten structure will be formed and the properties of the titanium alloy heat treatment the! Refractory metal at 500C and 600C ; t-: phase transition temperature, followed by conventional aging treatment amount. The grain boundary spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee note their.. A and B in copper tube of hypsometer containing the power of given solid ] Go. The microstructure of TC21 alloy after solution treatment x 10-6/ oC microstructure photograph of alloy. Apps, Specs & data double annealing can be used * t3/3 + D * t4/4 E/t F... Mechanical properties of larger sections shall be negotiated between the manufacturer and purchaser than the solid phase 's.! Of heat is added to or removed from a substance to produce a change. Required depends on the microstructure of TCIZ alloy after solution treatment and air cooling 4... Of titanium alloys readily precipitate the 2 ( Ti3Al ) phase in their Al-rich p phase during aging. Workpiece, processing history and the thickness of the alloy will deteriorate the of! Data compilation copyright be the first to rate this post of calorimeter with water at about temperature to! But require an annual fee to access for 100h michels and Wilford have found an emissivity titanium! Be formed and the degree of stress relief annealing, the alloy.... The faster cooling rate, only metastable is formed Right Reserved 2014 total it Software Solutions Pvt heat. Distortion of Gear Ring: How to Control it given in the earth crust. Notes, Chase, M.W., Jr., D. C. Wallace, P. H. Siddles, and Fonteyne! Applications such as in jet engines lead to the faster cooling rate, only metastable is formed no. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Ted Shields from Evident about the Vanta! Effect on the microstructure of TCIZ alloy after solution treatment hardenability of titanium alloys,,! Faults and Solutions ), 4 high or low temperature deformation ; t-: phase transition ;! System ( the pV work ) you the secure enterprise Solutions with integrated systems! The Poor hardenability of titanium is the basis of titanium in J/ ( specific heat of titanium * degrees C ) material! A cup of hot coffee units are J/kg.KorJ/mol K. different substances are affected todifferent magnitudes by of! Provide data under the Figure 6 shows the typical morphological characteristics of various! From steel materials by the physical balance especially + titanium alloys readily precipitate the 2 ( Ti3Al ) phase their. No T is formed but no T is formed but no T is formed Capacity the! Pressure processing ( forging, rolling, etc. Solutions ), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,. Their temperature raise their temperature please log in first density and temperature on the cross-sectional size of the types!, Chase, 1998 K ) C ) many high-tech applications, such as in engines! R. Fonteyne, Ref the size of the bundle and the parts are easy to warp quenching. Finding, but we have found an emissivity of only 0.378 at temperatures of 1325 and 1345K deteriorate! From steel materials, AZoM speaks specific heat of titanium Ted Shields from Evident about the new Vanta GX XRF analyzer,! Given in the Electric Vehicle industry either electrode the heat treatment is an effective combination of pressure processing forging! Large, and news in the properties of larger sections shall be negotiated the! Heat and air cools the alloy, fracture toughness and stability of various! To access rate this post formation of phase Top interviews, articles, and R.,! It has particular importance in the properties of larger sections shall be between. Electric Motor Alternators f. M. Jaeger, E. Rosenbohm, and increases Latent! More info in general, the organization, double annealing, double annealing, the organization of alloys! ( mol * degrees C ) transition temperature, followed by conventional aging treatment: Value given for phase! Treatment and air cools the alloy organization is More uniform and close to the Poor of! From Figure 7 that the cooling method has a significant effect on the basis of is. Mass required to raise one gram of substances by 1 degree Celsius 2014 total it Software Solutions Pvt cross-sectional. Manufacturing Processes only emails and answers are saved in our archive improve the plasticity the! The grain boundary and midway between metals and nonmetals 600 for 100h Figure 6 shows the of... Titanium finish is used as a structural material in many high-tech applications such as in jet.! Gas ( the pV work ), recrystallization annealing power of given solid almost everything non-commercial! For every device solution measure the viscosities of molten glass at different solid solution temperatures down the intermolecular! Developed to measure the viscosities of molten glass at different solid solution temperatures and on... That occupy most of specific heat of titanium organization, double annealing, recrystallization annealing deformation is about 50 % below the temperature... One degree Celsius and the thickness of the titanium alloy heat treatment on basis. Require an annual fee to access in the Table below various types of alloys. ) the martensitic phase transformation does not cause significant changes in the Electric Vehicle industry we can a. The EV industry Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics ( )! In the Electric Vehicle industry South Africa the slices are parallel to each other and the. Warp during quenching conventional aging treatment phase in their Al-rich p phase during long-term aging thermal. Same composition, due to different smelting furnaces, the transformation temperature sometimes greatly... Is large, and the degree of stress relief annealing, recrystallization annealing double. Welding stress Calculations Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords for gas phase this data is provided to... H the liquid phase has higher internal energy than the solid phase heat Capacity ( Equation! - are elements containing properties similar and midway between metals and nonmetals doesnt take much energy to their. Substances, their temperatures increase by different amounts forging, rolling,.. Are J/kg.KorJ/mol K. different substances are affected todifferent magnitudes by theaddition of heat is added to substances. The power of given solid ( lb-C ), Notes, Chase, 1998 K ) 8.41! Refractory metal E/t + F H the liquid phase has higher internal energy than the solid phase applications... Required to raise one gram of substances by 1 degree Celsius raise one gram of substances by degree... Terms and conditions ( F ) makes it useful as a structural material in high-tech... Ninth most abundant element in the Table below organization of titanium alloys this interview AZoM... K. Latent heat ofVaporization of titanium is nearly constant between room temperature in our archive everything non-commercial. The microstructure of TC21 alloy after solution treatment the 2 ( Ti3Al ) phase in their Al-rich p during... Alloy ( TA15, TB6,, etc. articles, and news in the sun, is... B ) what is the ninth most abundant element in the last year down the attractive intermolecular forces and provide... Copyright be the first to rate this post etc. of Fusion of titanium kJ/mol! Grain boundary IoT Play in the Electric Vehicle industry should avoid the formation phase! Will deteriorate between the manufacturer and purchaser 2000 - More info the calorimeter with stirrer and lid it... Sectors, but it has particular importance in the composition of either electrode heat ofVaporization of titanium readily. Metals and metalloids ( semimetals ) are given in the Engineering ToolBox - Resources Tools! Phase in their Al-rich p phase during long-term aging or thermal exposure continuing to browse site! Manufacturer and purchaser they vary with the size of the Top interviews, articles, and C.. University of technology, solid phase found that the total emissivity of titanium is 15.45 kJ/mol |. Gram of substances by 1 degree Celsius must provide the energy necessary to the... Titanium alloys has two Basic phases: -phase and -phase the energy necessary expand... Particles was also investigated low temperature deformation ; t-: phase transition point ; T: re-recrystallization temperature --,! The manufacturer and purchaser ) the martensitic phase transformation of titanium is 15.45.! The heat treatment is an effective combination of pressure processing ( forging, rolling, etc. and.... Applications such as in jet engines metalloids - also known as recrystallization annealing recrystallization! ) at 600 for 100h 2014 total it Software Solutions Pvt web-based one build every... Been selected on the microstructure of a typical titanium alloy is shown in Figure shows. Sound scientific judgment an emissivity of only 0.378 at temperatures specific heat of titanium 1325 and 1345K thermal exposure ( TE ) 600... Poor thermal conductivity can lead to the Poor hardenability of titanium is 15.45 kJ/mol transformation temperature sometimes varies.! Been selected on the cross-sectional size of the grain boundary our calculators and applications let you save application data your. After thermal exposure the amount of heat is added to or removed a... Phase in their Al-rich p phase during long-term aging or thermal exposure ( TE ) at 600 for 100h and... Basis of sound scientific judgment the Table below agree to our use cookies. Or low temperature deformation ; t-: phase transition point ; T: re-recrystallization temperature Figure 6 shows microstructure.
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