By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, the city's African-American population had increased to 120,000. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. Although Black people were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination, the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor, and Black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the South. [28] The authors of The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot, an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago, came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago. Wildebeest typically inhabit the Serengeti plains of southeastern Africa. This beast if revoked charges at you at a speed of 37 miles per hour speed and will disfigure you with razor-sharp strong horns. While crocodiles do occasionally grab unwary individuals at the waters edge, lions are considered to be the main predators of buffalo probably due to their size and strength. Determinants of partial bird migration in the Amazon Basin. Please click on this logo for more information. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS Body length: 170 - 340 cm (5.6 - 11.2 ft) Height at the withers: 100 - 170 cm (3.3 to 5.6 ft) Tail length: 70 - 110 cm (28 to 43 in) Horn span: up to 100 cm (40 in), but not more than 40 cm (16 in) in . Tanzania Buffaloes are the most numerous of the large herbivores and almost exclusively eat grass, with some limited exceptions at the height of the dry season. demonstrate exceptional capacity in the 9. Social structure: solitary males, bachelor groups and breeding herds of anywhere between 50 to over 1,000 individuals. They are never farther than nine miles . This information can be found by having a look at theGreat Wildebeest Migration Map. The U.S. Senate ordered an investigation into it. Find out where the herd will be, and what to expect each month of the year, using our migration map with monthly predictions. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, [email protected] ", Tolnay, Stewart E. "The African American" Great Migration" and Beyond. Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change. panorama of cape buffalo close up at aberdares national park, kenya - african buffalo stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . We present research on factors affecting partial migration in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in northeastern Namibia. Tarangire While the Wildebeest migration Africa takes place in a clockwise loop betweenTanzaniaandKenya, the Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Loliondo Game Managed Area, and Grumeti Reserve is the main destinations. PLoS One. They are the favorite prey of Lions in some components of Africa . 5. Muddy Waters, Chester Burnett, and Buddy Guy are among the most well-known blues artists who migrated to Chicago. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants: New York and Chicago, followed in order by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Pittsburgh, and Indianapolis. People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible and go to areas where they had relatives and friends. In 190001, Chicago had a total population of 1,754,473. "[60], The "Black Belt" geographical and racial isolation of this community, bordered to the north and east by whites, and to the south and west by industrial sites and ethnic immigrant neighborhoods, made it a site for the study of the development of an urban Black community. Reid JM, Travis JMJ, Daunt F, Burthe SJ, Wanless S, Dytham C. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. The movement was a first step in the urbanization of the African-American population. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. As such, they may well not waste time working out whether or not something is a threat, instead choosing to explode into action. Epps et al. Select a month below to find out what each month offers in terms of weather, wildlife, migratory movements, predator interactions, river crossings and where the best place to stay is, to get the most out of your trip to see the great wildebeest migration. Great Migration From Alabama. Latin name: Syncerus caffer Gestation period of buffalo: 11 months Size of newborn buffalo: One calf born weighing 40kg (90lb) Size of buffalo territory: Buffalo are not territorial, they live in home ranges. Inference of migratory behaviour from. The Great Migration resulted in the Harlem Renaissance, which was also fueled by immigrants from the Caribbean, and the Chicago Black Renaissance. African buffalo can reach a population density of up to 20 individuals per km2 (Prins and Douglas-Hamilton 1990, Prins 1996 p. 1-4). The longest recorded life of a Cape buffalo was 32.8 years old. Introduction. Between 1940 and 1960, the number of Black people in managerial and administrative occupations doubled, along with the number of Black people in white-collar occupations, while the number of Black agricultural workers in 1960 fell to one-fourth of what it was in 1940. Migration between herds seems to be predominantly by adult males, as females and subadults have never been observed to leave their native herd (philopatric behaviour, Sinclair 1977 . During the second wave of the Great Migration (194060), the African-American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000. The Red Summer enlightened many to the growing racial tension in America. 1324 Jefferson Avenue, Buffalo / 716-883-4418. Buffaloes prefer grass to shrubs and are often referred to as nature's lawnmowers because of how they can quickly thin out dense grasses. Habitat selection by African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in response to landscape-level fluctuations in water availability on two temporal scales. By the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. Ngorongoro Crater [21], African Americans from the South also migrated to industrialized Southern cities, in addition to northward and westward to war-boom cities. The WildebeestMigration is a breathtaking natural phenomenon and a must-see safari for adventurers, wildlife enthusiasts, and those seeking a little more from their African vacation. From 1924 to 1929, the "Black Metropolis" was at the peak of its golden years. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230521. The Black population in Pittsburgh jumped from 6,000 in 1880 to 27,000 in 1910. He lived in a bark-covered cabin at the mouth of Little Buffalo Creek, and he kept a . Many people think the Great Migration happens only once a year, however it happens all year, with each season offering a unique wildlife experience. 9. For the most part, smaller predators like leopards, wild dogs and spotted hyena will target the calves, though large hyena clans have been known to hunt adult buffaloes. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779) is the largest member of the family Bovidae inhabiting the sub-Saharan Africa, primarily in savannas with high grass biomass and mosaics, preferring areas access to grass, water and cover (Estes, 2012).The southern limit of the distribution of African buffalo lies in Addo National Park located in the south-east of South Africa . In what came to be called the Great Migration, an estimated five and a half million African Americans moved from the South to the urban North and West between 1915 and 1970. Town , 7530, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Migration | Last Updated: 16 Aug 2022, Every year, about two million wildebeest and 20,000 plains game travel from, Because the Great WildebeestMigration has no beginning or endpoint and moves in a clockwise route, herdtracking is difficult to forecast. African-Americans came to Buffalo in small numbers initially, whether as enslaved or free persons. African-Americans in Buffalo - An Overview Excerpts from "Ethnic Heritage Enriches Buffalo," by Anthony Cardinale, pub. Anderson, Talmadge and Stewart, James Benjamin: Slavery in the colonial history of the United States, Historically black colleges and universities, Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, National Black Caucus of State Legislators, Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, African American population lived in the American South, Mass racial violence in the United States, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, African-American history of agriculture in the United States, Second Great Migration (African American), 1912 Racial Conflict of Forsyth County, Georgia, Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States, African American settlements in Western Canada, "The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration", Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States, "Table 33. [14] In 1991, Nicholas Lemann wrote: The Great Migration was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in historyperhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of execution or starvation. Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds. Jahn AE, Levey DJ, Hostetler JA, Mamani AM. time updates received from pilots, rangers and safari guides in the Serengeti. Stand-offs between lions and buffalo herds can last for hours, with the buffaloes chasing the lions away if they get too close and the lions biding their time until the herd finally panics or lets its guard down. The study indicates that these animals stay for around 80 days in the Nxai Pan National Park - typically during December, January and February. Figure 4. Most importantly, they should be appreciated as an animal that nearly disappeared from much of Africa during the rinderpest outbreaks of the early 20th century. They also came to escape Jim Crow laws that segregated them and denied them voting rights. Other interesting African buffalo facts: On average, the African buffalo is active 18 hours per day. Biol Conserv. We present research on factors affecting partial migration in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in northeastern Namibia. Industries ranged from producing synthetic rubber, smokeless powders, artillery shells, and vehicle parts. Introducing the African Buffalo exploitation and exploration of the search Optimization (ABO) space. For most of their lives, wildebeest graze in the grassy savannas and open woodlands of the plains, which straddle the nations of Tanzania and Kenya. Creative Pewter Designs African Cape Buffalo Head Pewter Lapel Pin or Magnet M090 WildLifePins (984) $14.99 FREE shipping More colors Wood Cape Buffalo ornament woodcut decoration African Buffalo ornament WoodNotions (2,284) $8.00 Desert Ironwood Buffalo with Baby carving - bison WoodNotchPens (1,340) $43.95 FREE shipping Only 3 left order soon Both sexes have horns, those of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved horns. Additionally, $250,000 worth of property was destroyed, and over a thousand persons were left homeless. White employers eventually took notice and began expressing their fears. [email protected] White PJ, Davis TL, Barnowe-Meyer KK, Crabtree RL, Garrott RA. [67], A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1900.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.034.9%Red = 10.019.9%Orange = 5.09.9%Light orange = 1.04.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessMagenta = No data available, A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1990.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.034.9%Red = 10.019.9%Orange = 5.09.9%Light orange = 1.04.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessPink = No data available, A map showing the change in the total Black population (in percent) between 1900 and 1990 by U.S. state.Light purple = Population declineVery light green = Population growth of 0.19.9%Light green = Population growth of 10.099.9%Green = Population growth of 100.0999.9%Dark green = Population growth of 1,000.09,999.9%Very dark green (or Black) = Population growth of 10,000.0% or moreGray = No data available, After the political and civil gains of the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1970s, migration began to increase again. Our dataset is derived from 32 satellite tracking collars, spans 4 years and contains over 35,000 locations. [1] It was caused primarily by the poor economic conditions for African American people, as well as the prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states where Jim Crow laws were upheld. Horton KG, Van Doren BM, Albers HJ, Farnsworth A, Sheldon D. Conserv Biol. The first African slaves brought to this country were sold from a Dutch vessel at Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. [63][64] These intimidation tactics were described by Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson as interfering with "the natural right of workers to move from place to place at their own discretion". Before White southerners soon began trying to stem the flow in order to prevent the hemorrhaging of their labor supply, and some even began attempting to address the poor living standards and racial oppression experienced by Southern Black people in order to induce them to stay. [39] Exhibited in 1941 at the Museum of Modern Art, Lawrence's Series attracted wide attention; he was quickly perceived as one of the most important African-American artists of the time. Epub 2021 Jul 5. African buffalos come in the larger savannah variety and in the smaller forest-dwelling counterpart. Because the Great WildebeestMigration has no beginning or endpoint and moves in a clockwise route, herdtracking is difficult to forecast. Get up-to-date Census data on immigrants in the United States with the Migration Policy Institute's State Immigration Data Profile toolpopulation size, location, country of birth, language and education . Aside from the raw energy of encountering buffalo on foot, the quintessential African scene is a highlight for many that herd coming down to drink, emerging ghost-like from lingering dust kicked up by thousands of hooves, backlit by the golden sunset. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. RM 2KDYFNR - Buffalo visiting a waterhole in the Tsavo National Park on their annual migration - Kenya Africa RM M6HFRN - Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, is one of the most spectacular wildlife destinations on earth. "[41], The Great Migration drained off much of the rural Black population of the South, and for a time, froze or reduced African-American population growth in parts of the region. The Great Migration, along with immigrants from southern and eastern Europe as well as their descendants, rapidly turned the city into the country's fourth-largest. Buy Sudoiseau Wall Art Painting African Buffalo Migration Animals and Pictures Pictures Canvas Prints Poster Oil Paintings Landscape Paint Modern Home Decor Artwork Gift, 4 Panels: Posters & Prints - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases in the October 12, 1980 edition of The Buffalo News. See how to DOWNLOAD OUR APP below. Figure 1. As a result, southern employers increased their wages to match those on offer in the North, and some individual employers even opposed the worst excesses of Jim Crow laws. [44] After the Great Depression, more advances took place after workers in the steel and meatpacking industries organized into labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s, under the interracial Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the [20] Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage Black workers to relocate, including free transportation and low-cost housing. In fact, China-Africa trade reached USD 192 billion in 2019 and spurred even greater migration. Males are also found in bachelor herds, and after a certain age (about 12 or so), most males move away from the safety of the breeding herds and live out their lives in small groups or on their own. 1. It moved in a different direction, as Black people who were searching for economic opportunity traveled to new regions of the South.[73][74]. Cities that were affected by the violence included Washington D.C., Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Elaine, Arkansas, a small rural town 70 miles (110km) southwest of Memphis. Diet Buffalo herds can have significant ecological impact on the veld. Immense and powerful, the buffalo should not be under-estimated. Equally as many rangers, trackers and guides have discovered just how easy it is to climb a thorn tree when push turns to shove. The African buffalo most likely expanded and diverged in the late to middle Pleistocene from an ancestral population located around the current-day Central African Republic, adapting morphologically to colonize new habitats, hence developing the variety of ecophenotypes observed today. Many industries also converted to creating products for the war effort, such as Ford Motor Company converting its plant to produce military jeeps. This need has made optimization a very favoured area of scientific investigations. The African forest buffalo, found in West and Central Africa and also known as the dwarf buffalo, is considerably smaller than the rest of the buffalo subspecies; their horns are proportionately smaller and their coats a more reddish-brown colour. 2010 Sep;79(5):983-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01713.x. For urbanized people, eating proper foods in a sanitary, civilized setting such as the home or a restaurant was a social ritual that indicated one's level of respectability. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES 2020 Feb 3;20(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12898-020-0274-4. The Southern Metal Trades Association urged decisive action to stop Black migration, and some employers undertook serious efforts against it. The violence in these major cities prefaced the soon to follow Harlem Renaissance, an African-American cultural revolution, in the 1920s. Even in situations where lions have killed a herd buffalo, the other herd members may return to harass and chase the lions away. Results of statistical modeling. [23] This began to change over the next decade; by 1880, migration was underway to Kansas. Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African-American migrants' ability to determine their own housing, or obtain a fair price. In 1910, the African-American population of Detroit was 6,000. Dubbed the New Great Migration, these moves were generally spurred by the economic difficulties of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the "New South" and its lower cost of living, family and kinship ties, and lessening discrimination at the hands of white people. 1.9M views 2 years ago #8K #Wildlife Discover amazing African nature and wildlife in 8K quality and relax! 2001;7:3947. Because the migrants concentrated in the big cities of the north and west, their influence was magnified in those places. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal [63][64], The largest southern steel manufacturer refused to cash checks sent to finance Black migration, efforts were made to restrict bus and train access for Black Americans, agents were stationed in northern cities to report on wage levels, unionization, and the rise of Black nationalism, and newspapers were pressured to divert more coverage to negative aspects of Black life in the North. "The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 19151947,". African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Appearance A large and powerful bovine, the African Buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1.5 m and a mass of 750 kg. In 2000, African countries had on average 2.3 % of their citizens officially living abroad, down from 2.8 % in 1960. While the Wildebeest migration Africa takes place in a clockwise loop between, July to September Wildebeest River Crossings, View Migration Map and Monthly Prediction, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. 26.9% : Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander . Marine and flying mammals have a much greater tendency to migrate, a tendency that is directly related to their locomotive powers. Expertise: civil rights, African American history, race and cities, urban history, gender, sexuality. [20] The pull of jobs in the north was strengthened by the efforts of labor agents sent by northern businessmen to recruit southern workers. [15], Some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration (191040), which saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas in the South to northern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (194070), which began after the Great Depression and brought at least five million peopleincluding many townspeople with urban skillsto the North and West. The Great Wildebeest Migration - the annual migration of giant herds of grazers across Northern Tanzania and Kenya is a truly spectacular event. But, in a reflection of changing economics, as well as the end of Jim Crow laws in the 1960s and improving race relations in the South, in the 1980s and early 1990s, more Black Americans were heading South than leaving that region. Maasai Mara. North Africans make up the majority of African immigrants to Europe. These move in an annual pattern which is fairly predictable. 2022 May;29(23):34314-34324. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17888-3. "The disappearance of the 'black belt' was one of the striking effects" of the Great Migration, James Gregory wrote. This massive population shift profoundly transformed the twentieth-century United States politically, economically, socially, and culturally. They are also almost constantly vocal, particularly around water, and produce lowing sounds similar to cattle, as well as grunts and growls during their regular skirmishes. Around 1.2 million European immigrants arrived during 1914 while only 300,000 arrived the next year. It wasn't peaches and cream [in Chicago], man, but it was a hell of a lot better than down there where I was born. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Outside national parks, these giants are considered crop pests and are seen as dangerous animals due to their size, aggressive nature, and formidable horns. Historian Joe Trotter explains the decision process: In cities such as Newark, New York and Chicago, African Americans became increasingly integrated into society. The primary push factors are conflict, repressive governance, and limited economic opportunities. Principally, many Black workers had assumed the jobs of white men who went to go fight in World War I. WEIGHT: ABOUT 300 TO 835 KILOGRAMS (660 TO 1,840 POUNDS) HABITAT: DENSE FOREST TO OPEN PLAINS. A crocodile may lunge more than half of its body length out of the water and use its tail as a secondary weapon to grasp a potential victim. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Our safari planners aren't available now. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Each month has its own set of advantages in terms of weather, wildlife, migratory movements, predator encounters, river crossings, and where to stay to make the most of your tour to see the Great Wildebeest Migration. They migrate throughout the year, constantly seeking fresh . For nearly sixty years, 1870 to 1930, African Americans migrated to West Virginia through major rail centers like Hinton, WV. ABO solves the problem of pre- 11. [4] There, African Americans established influential communities of their own. [25], In the late summer and autumn of 1919, racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer. At first, job availability was not open for African Americans, but the growing need for jobs in the defense industry and the Fair Employment Practices Committee sign by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Southern industries began to accept African Americans into the workplace. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, The study area was the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, with GPS locations of. The American bison is more closely related to cows and goats. She was held at Dresden Zoo and lived a happy life. See this image and copyright information in PMC. They arrived in greater numbers with the Great Migration from the American South. Lake Manyara, Tanzania "[37], Graph showing the percentage of the African-American population living in the American South, 17902010, The Great Migration shown by changes in the African-American share of populations of major U.S. cities, 191040 and 194070. Per a 2021 study, "when one randomly chosen African American moved from a Southern birth town to a destination county, then 1.9 additional Black migrants made the same move on average. [53], Populations increased so rapidly among both African-American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in most major cities. By 1970, more than 10.6 million African Americans lived outside the South, 47 percent of the nation's total. In South Carolina, the Black population decreased from about 55% of the population in 1910 to about 30% by 1970. The African buffalo optimization (ABO) was inspired by the migrant behaviour of the African buffalos, especially the organizational prowess of the buffalo herd in their movements from one part of . To comment on this story: To protect you against trolls & misinformation, we only permit comments in our app. [32]:18, In Mississippi, the Black American population decreased from about 56% of the population in 1910 to about 37% by 1970,[43] remaining the majority only in some Delta counties. "From 2000 to 2010, the Buffalo-Niagara Metro Area saw a . Movements were assessed over 2 years from 11 animals. Accessibility The unions ended the segregation of many jobs, and African Americans began to advance into more skilled jobs and supervisory positions previously informally reserved for whites. Black Americans tended to go to locations in the North where other Black Americans had previously migrated. According to the Partnership for the Public Good, while Buffalo has a low proportion of foreign-born residents compared to other cities, it has a high percentage of refugees.. African buffaloes are believed to kill about 200 people a year in Africa. In sheer numbers, it outranks the migration of any other ethnic groupItalians or Irish or Jews or Polesto the United States. Though sometimes called a buffalo, the American bison is not related to the water buffalo or the African buffalo, which are the only true buffaloes in the world. 1981;212:7779. Ecologist believe that buffalo herds decide on where to move through voting behaviour while the herd is resting, individual adult females will stand and stare in a specific direction, and the subsequent movement of the herd can be predicted when the majority gaze in a particular direction. ", This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 18:18. Discover Africa Safaris, on the other hand, invented a great application called , Where the Great Wildebeest Migration occurs. 4. [54], Migrants going to Albany, New York found poor living conditions and employment opportunities, but also higher wages and better schools and social services. The northern "Black metropolises" developed an important infrastructure of newspapers, businesses, jazz clubs, churches, and political organizations that provided the staging ground for new forms of racial politics and new forms of Black culture. Tarangire Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape The great Serengeti wildebeest migration is the movement of vast numbers of the Serengeti's wildebeest, accompanied by large numbers of zebra, and smaller numbers of Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle, eland and impala. Despite the development of modern statistical methods for analyzing partial migration, there have been no studies on what influences partial migration in tropical environments. 2010;88:12021209. Many people think the Great Migration happens only once a year, however it happens all year, with each season offering a unique wildlife experience. The Second Great Migration, 1940-1970. MeSH A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. Climate Migration: California fire pushes family to Vermont . They succeeded in building effective community responses that enabled the survival of new communities. eCollection 2020. In the Mara River, crocodiles waiting for the herds, drown their prey by seizing them in their powerful teeth and pushing them below the water, twisting them to break them into bite-sized pieces. There was an increase in Louisville's defense industries, making it a vital part of America's effort into World War II and Louisville's economy. Second-tier industrial cities that were destinations for numerous Black migrants were Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Columbus, Cincinnati, Grand Rapids and Indianapolis, and smaller industrial cities such as Chester, Gary, Dayton, Erie, Toledo, Youngstown, Peoria, Muskegon, Newark, Flint, Saginaw, New Haven, and Albany. The defense industry in Louisville reached a peak of roughly over 80,000 employment. Websites often end in.gov or.mil and powerful, the `` Black ''. Denied them voting rights these move in an annual pattern which is fairly predictable by Anthony Cardinale,.! To Europe Black Renaissance they arrived in greater numbers with the Great Migration the!, such as Ford Motor Company converting its plant to produce military jeeps collared with satellite transmitters Migration James. White men who went to go fight in World war I change the! A first step in the urbanization of the 'black Belt ' was one of nation! 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