The Medici, rulers of Renaissance Florence, are not the most obvious example of a multiracial family. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over. Tuscany became a province of the United Kingdom of Italy in 1861. [30] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[30]. In a separate pan, fry the bread crumbs with the . For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. which his descendants held until 1737. The Galileo Project. [26] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France. Pius II granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining there, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.[24]. During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturingincluding a form of franchises. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The differences between these three collateral lines are essentially due to circumstances, for there was in all the Medici an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. So. As Cosimo I, he established absolute power in the region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes into the 1700s. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. Lorenzo de Medici deservedly holds an honoured place in the history of Florence and Italy. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. The Descendants of Cosimo de' Medici Lorenzo was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). The Medici family can be traced to the Mugello valley just north of Florence where they were mentioned in a document from the year 1230. Why did the Medici family lose power? He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. The Art of Living and Giving. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. WikiTree is a community of genealogists growing an increasingly-accurate collaborative family tree that's 100% free for everyone forever. Lorenzos great-great-grandson Cosimo (1519-1574) became duke of Florence in 1537, then grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. . [60] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 162223. The last ruler of the House of Medici was Gian Gastone, who died in 1737. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. Lorenzo the Elder and His Heirs. Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. This read more, The Romanov family was the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. The House of Medici (English: /mdti/ MED-i-chee,[4] Italian:[mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. It provided the Roman Catholic Church with four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI) and married into the royal families of Europe (most notably in France, in the persons of Queens Catherine de Mdici and Marie de Mdicis). They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. Just supporting arts and culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism and . Pope Leo X would chiefly commission works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel just before the pontiff's death in 1534. Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici were married on October 28, 1533, and their marriage produced ten children. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. After Lorenzo's death the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safe haven for many years. Giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring the family back to positions of power. The Medici were originally of Tuscan peasant origin, from the village of Cafaggiolo in the Mugello, the valley of the Sieve, north of Florence. Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. And there are still about 100, 000 descendants of this great family, but zero patrilineal descendants. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with France and Spain. [46] On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. He also founded the Villa Medici at Rome and brought many priceless works of art to Florence. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. [11] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397. [35] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the Turtici regency. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The electress donated much of her fortune to charity: 4,000 a month. Descendants of members of the silk guild and descendants of attorneys both at the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the wealthiest families today. Because of this act, considered a betrayal, the Medici had to flee Florence (1494). "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. Catherine de' Medici became the Queen of France, and as History tells us, the family produced no less than four popes. On the left side is a view of the city of Florence. Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw blood. Medici women included Catherine (1519-1589) who married Henry II, King of France and ruled the coutry after her husband's death; Maria (1573-1642) married Henry IV, King of France. They first came to power in 1613, and over the next three centuries, 18 Romanovs took the Russian throne, including Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I and Nicholas II. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. Giovannis two sons, Cosimo (13891464) and Lorenzo (13941440), both of whom acquired the appellation of the Elder, founded the famous lines of the Medici family. Cosimo de Medici Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestro's distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1511-1537) was the illegitimate son of Clement VII but officially the illegitimate son of Lorenzo de' Medici. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the French invasion of Italy in 1492, and within two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Leonor lvarez (Toledo) de Medici married 29 Mar 1539 (to 17 Dec 1562) in By Proxy. The line of Chiarissimo II failed to gain power in Florence in the 14th century. 3. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. With that said, there was a . [79], Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder, The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules, The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. [22], The Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 was an attempt to depose the Medici family by killing Lorenzo with his younger brother Giuliano during Easter services; the assassination attempt ended with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo. Giulia Romola di Alessandro de' Medici [1] (c. 1535 - c. 1588) was the illegitimate, possibly multiracial, [2] daughter of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence and his mistress Taddea Malaspina . Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. When the last Medici grand duke, Gian Gastone, died without a male heir in 1737, the family dynasty died with him. He bought what became the Palazzo Medici . Giulia de' Medici. Updates? Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). The family tree of the Medicis illustrates the political impact of wealth accumulated through trade, commerce, and banking. He initiated the Medici's rise to power. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. He ruled for five years. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 14941512 and 15271530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. The family also got its genes mixed with those of most royal families in Europe. Omissions? However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later. Assuming the mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. In later years the most significant protg of the Medici family was Michelangelo Buonarroti (14751564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. Following her father's assassination, she was reared at the court of Cosimo I de' Medici and married advantageously twice. Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (14921519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (151989), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. 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